Hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) is an effective but toxic therapy and pulmonary morbidity affects as many as 25% of children receiving transplant. Early pulmonary injury includes diffuse alveolar hemorrhage (DAH), thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA) interstitial pneumonitis (IPS) and infection, while later, bronchiolitis obliterans is a complication of chronic GVHD associated with severe morbidity and mortality. Improved diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary complications are urgently needed as survival after HSCT improves, and as HSCT is increasingly used for non-malignant disorders such as sickle cell disease. Currently, there are large and important gaps in the investigator's knowledge regarding incidence, etiology and optimal treatment of pulmonary complications. Moreover, young children unable to perform spirometry are often diagnosed late, and strategies for monitoring therapeutic response are limited.
This is a prospective multi-institutional cohort study in pediatric patients undergoing allogeneic (alloHSCT) or autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (autoHSCT). Assembly of a large prospective uniformly screened cohort of children receiving HSCT, together with collection of biological samples, will be an effective strategy to identify mechanisms of lung injury, test novel diagnostic strategies for earlier diagnosis, and novel treatments to reduce morbidity and mortality from lung injury after transplant.